Stack effect in high-rise buildings: A comprehensive review on theoretical mechanisms, impacts, and evaluation methods

초록

The stack effect in high-rise buildings has become an increasingly important concern for building performance and occupant comfort, yet it is often overlooked in design and engineering practices. This review synthesizes 122 studies into three themes of the stack effect: fundamental theory, negative impacts, and associated evaluation methods. Key findings indicate that research primarily focuses on high-rise residential buildings, particularly in Northeast Asia and North America, driven by high-density housing demand and severe cold climates in these regions. The thermal draft coefficient (TDC) and the height of the neutral pressure level (HNPL) are identified as key theoretical indicators for characterizing Delta Pstack distributions, with empirical values showing potential for applications in Delta Pstack estimation. Although most studies are limited to specific cases, this review integrates them to comprehensively investigate the stack-driven negative impacts across various aspects. In particular, the existing Delta Pstack thresholds for assessing the malfunction of elevator doors and thermal discomfort require revision. While multi-zone airflow modeling commonly uses referenced airtightness data as inputs, this approach can effectively evaluate the stack effect characteristics at the design stage but does not fully reflect actual building conditions. Field measurements using pressure sensors show rapid progress through the application of machine learning and virtual sensing techniques. Furthermore, this review outlines future research directions and practical applications to improve design strategies and highlights the need for a building lifecycle-based evaluation framework.

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