天主敎令과 中國傳統 ― 嘉慶 8년(1803) 제정『쓰촨 대목구 시노드』 敎令의 분석 ―

초록

I wrote this article to investigate how the relationship between the Catholic doctrine and the Chinese tradition was established during the Qing Dynasty. To achieve this purpose, I used the Sichuan Synod regulations enacted in 1803 by Gabriel Taurin Dufresse, the vicariate apostolic of Sichuan, as a key analysis material. Catholics from Europe had to overcome the Chinese tradition before they could take proper root in China. Knowing this fact, Matteo Ricci moved to China at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and then started an adaptive mission strategy to seek a compromise between Chinese tradition and Catholic doctrine. None of the missionaries from Europe to China has considered forming a relationship between Chinese tradition and Catholic doctrine as much as Matteo Ricci. After him, Dufresse was the most passionate person to establish a relationship between the Catholic doctrine and Chinese tradition. Dufresse took a strategy which contrasts with that of Matteo Ricci, who chose the adaptive strategy. Dufresse followed the papal office's mission guidelines, which banned adaptation. When he enacted Sichuan Synod regulations in 1803, Dufresse's position on Catholic doctrine and Chinese tradition was preceded by the observance of the Catholic doctrine. Although he has often compromised with Chinese tradition and accepted it, it is a stance that is entirely subordinate. Dufresse's choice to keep the mission strategy of the Catholic Church was to completely deny Chinese tradition. He criticized and rejected the education of Confucian classics in an effort to fundamentally deny Chinese tradition. The Chinese tradition was deeply rooted in the education of Confucian classics, so such criticism was tantamount to a complete denial of the Chinese tradition itself. His denial of Chinese tradition was not only high in quality, but also extensive in content. He also rejected the tradition of popular belief altogether. He rejected the icons, fortune books, scriptures and topography divination theories related to popular belief including Buddhism and Taoism, saying they are superstitions and idol worship. He also rejected China's economic tradition. He has barred borrowing money or grain to receiving interest, and borrowing money on mortgage to gain profits. There are exceptions, but most of the above mentioned Chinese traditions were rejected by Dufresse in the course of establishing the Sichuan Synod regulations in 1803. On the other hand, he accepted the Catholic tradition of China in its entirety or partly. The Catholic tradition in China was created more than 200 years after the mission of Matteo Ricci. They included priest traditions, divine ceremony traditions and mass traditions. The Catholic tradition was adapted to the situation in China, but it was largely accepted as it was originally created within the framework of the Catholic doctrine. While he enacted the Sichuan Synod regulations in 1803, Dufresse rejected, accommodated, and partially accepted the Catholic tradition, Confucian tradition, popular belief tradition, economic tradition, cultural tradition, and political tradition in China, the main principle was the exclusion of Chinese tradition. He judged that it would not be possible to conduct a mission effectively without rejecting the Chinese tradition. The Sichuan Synod regulations enacted in 1803 became a church law that should be followed gradually by all missionaries and priests who were active in China. The priest should not only have learned and followed the law himself, but also teach Catholics to obey it. Though it was enacted in Sichuan, a province of China, but it had the universality to be followed by all members of the east Asian Catholic Church.

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