전쟁에서 일상으로 ― 명청교체기 上海人 姚廷遴이 경험한 삶의 궤적 ―

초록

The purpose of this paper is to examine how Han Chinese individuals came to accept and affirm the domination of the Qing dynasty through the example of Yao Tinglin, a Shanghai people who lived through the Ming-Qing transition. There were some who resisted the Qing and chose the honorable death of loyalty to Ming, but they were in the minority. Most chose to survive and endure the humiliation of shaving their heads to protect their lives or property. Yao Tinglin, too, shaved his hair and accepted Qing rule at the end of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), as he witnessed the Qing army crush the resistance of Southern Ming and other anti-Qing forces in times of war. Rather than voluntarily, he chose this path out of necessity in order to survive, so he harbored a nostalgia for the Ming dynasty as well as the theory that the barbarians are inferior to the Han Chinese. He then returned to his daily life and began working to earn a living, starting at the office of deposition(供招房)in Shanghai county, then serving as an externally employed clerk in the office of punishment, military affairs, and finally as an official clerk of the office of works from the end of the second year of Kangxi (1663) to the sixth year of Kangxi (1667). At this time, he met the corrupt magistrate and was imprisoned and robbed of his wealth, so he quit the service. He summarized his feelings about his life in the clerk in two words : corruption and regret. After quitting clerk, he lived by gathering and teaching schoolchildren, with some breaks in between, until the 36th year of Kangxi (1697). In the 35th year of Kangxi (1696), more than 50 years after the Qing dynasty's reign, Yao Tinglin, who wrote The Remains of the Records and summarized the social changes in Shanghai county and Songjiang prefecture, completely abandoned his nostalgia for the Ming dynasty and gave a very positive assessment of the Qing dynasty's rule. There were two main reasons for this. One was that he recognized that the Ming's bad government, represented by the unfairness of the tax burden and the exploitation of added taxes, only made the lives of common taxpayers miserable, while the Qing reformed these contradictions and abolished them, thus alleviating the suffering of the people. The other reason is that the Qing Dynasty ended the war and achieved great internal and external peace, allowing people to live their daily lives. He said that the Qing dynasty's rule was a good government and that the people of Shanghai county under its rule were benefiting from infinite benefits. His words were sincere. Yao Tinglin himself was not a gentry with a sense of responsibility for the affairs of the world, so he may have been able to affirm Qing rule without much internal conflict. He was just one of many Han Chinese who submitted to Qing rule. However, having experienced both Ming's bad government and Qing's good government, it would not have been impossible for Han Chinese to emotionally submit to Qing rule.

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