An Operation Strategy for Active Utilization of Energy Storage Systems through Power-to-Hydrogen Integration

초록

This study presents an optimized operational paradigm for fast frequency response energy storage systems (FFR ESS) through integration with a Power-to-Hydrogen (P2H₂) system. A virtual load strategy is proposed to enable active ESS utilization during normal conditions while maintaining full frequency response capability. Under this approach, ESS standby output is redirected to hydrogen production without affecting net grid power, and the P2H₂ load is instantly disconnected during frequency events. The scheduling problem, formulated as a mixed-integer linear program with strong temporal coupling due to mandatory full discharge constraints, is computationally intensive. To address this, a Hybrid Lagrangian？Zoutendijk Decomposition algorithm is developed, relaxing the frequency response constraint to decompose the problem into tractable subproblems, followed by iterative dual updates and primal optimization using the Zoutendijk method of feasible directions. This method maximizes net profit by balancing hydrogen production revenue, ancillary service payments, and degradation costs, while adhering to operational limits on state of charge, power rates, and emergency discharge requirements. The proposed framework enhances asset utilization, increases economic efficiency, and supports renewable integration by linking surplus electricity to hydrogen production, contributing to sector coupling and decarbonization objectives.