At the tipping point: Differential influences of warming and deoxygenation on the survival, emergence, and respiration of cosmopolitan clams

초록

Although warming and low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels are co-occurring significant climatic stressors in the ocean, the combined effects of these stressors on marine benthic animals have not been well established. Here, we tested the effects of elevated temperatures and low dissolved oxygen levels on the survival, emerging behavior from sediment, and the respiration of juvenile cosmopolitan Manila clams (Venerupis philippinarum) by exposing them to two temperatures (20 and 23.5 degrees C) and DO levels (3.5 and 6-7mg/L). Although within previously described tolerable ranges of temperature and DO, this 3.5 degrees C increase in temperature combined with a 50% decrease in DO had a devastating effect on the survival of clams (85% mortality after 8days). The mortality of clams under normoxia at 23.5 degrees C appeared to be higher than under the low DO condition at 20 degrees C. On the other hand, more clams emerged from sediment under the low DO condition at 20 degrees C than under any other conditions. Oxygen consumption rates were not significantly affected by different conditions. Our results suggest temperature elevation combined with low oxygen additively increases stress on Manila clams and that warming is at least as stressful as low DO in terms of mortality. However, low DO poses another threat as it may induce emergence from sediment, and, thus increase predation risk. This is the first evidence that a combination of warming and deoxygenation stressors should reduce population survival of clams much more so than changes in a single stressor.

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