Advanced electro-magnetorheological hybrid materials: physical processes, synthesis, and multifunctional applications

초록

Materials that exhibit reversible field-tunable responses to electric and magnetic stimuli enable adaptive modulation of mechanical, dielectric, and magnetic properties. This review focuses on electro-magnetorheological (EMR) hybrid materials that concurrently exploit electric polarization and magnetization-induced structure formation, with particular emphasis on protocol-dependent, non-additive behavior under superimposed fields. The underlying electrorheological (ER) and magnetorheological (MR) response mechanisms are analyzed from classical dipolar models to advanced descriptions that incorporate interfacial polarization phenomena, effective (microstructure-mediated) magnetoelectric coupling, and nonlinear structural dynamics. Microscopic interaction mechanisms are consistently linked to the macroscopic rheological and functional behavior of EMR fluids, gels, and elastomers, with an emphasis on viscoelastic properties, electrical conductivity, and cross-field coupling effects. The impact of field orientation, application sequence, and driving frequency on emergent material behavior is critically evaluated. The design and synthesis concepts for bifunctional particles and hierarchical composites are summarized. Key challenges related to colloidal and structural stability, response reproducibility, scalable manufacturing routes, and environmental sustainability are also discussed. Emerging multiscale and data-driven modeling frameworks are highlighted as enabling tools for predictive material design and optimization of EMR materials. Standardization needs in measurement protocols and reporting practices are addressed. The focus is on synchronized in situ structural characterization combined with dielectric and electrical measurements. These methods are used to rigorously discriminate additive superposition of ER and MR responses from genuinely non-additive cross-field coupling. Finally, perspectives on applications and device-integration strategies for EMR-based components and systems are outlined.

키워드