Risks of Wastewater Use in Agriculture

초록

The effluent use in agriculture offers numerous benefits, but it also presents significant dangers to public health, particularly when untreated effluent is utilized during crop irrigation. However, in some cases, farmers frequently have no choice but to use untreated sewage as there is no treatment for wastewater and freshwater is either insufficient or prohibitively expensive. Chemical and microbial hazards provide the most serious threats to public health. Wastewater use in farming can potentially pose environmental problems, such as groundwater and soil degradation. However, once effectively planned, managed, and implemented, sewage irrigation can provide several environmental, agricultural, and water resource benefits. Furthermore, given these benefits and risks, many countries trying to improve agricultural wastewater usage, which can minimize risks, particularly those to public health. Additionally different physical, chemical, and biological approaches are used to improve the risks of wastewater reuse in agriculture. © 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

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