A Configurable ML-KEM/Kyber Key-Encapsulation Hardware Accelerator Architecture

초록

The development of quantum computers has created a need for new Post-Quantum cryptography (PQC) to address the potential threat to the current cryptography systems. The Module-Lattice-based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism (ML-KEM) - previously known as CRYSTALS-Kyber - is a lattice-based algorithm that offers smaller keys and high security. In this paper, we present a configurable hardware architecture that can perform key encapsulation mechanisms: key generation, encapsulation, and decapsulation of ML-KEM/Kyber. The proposed configurable architecture includes a Memory-based Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) and its inverse (INTT) module to reduce the complexity of polynomial multiplication. By designing the NTT/INTT module to be configurable, resource usage is minimized. We implemented the proposed ML-KEM architecture on the Artix-7 FPGA platform. Compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches, we achieved an Area-Time Product (ATP) performance improvement of 1.03x at security level 1, 1.10x at security level 3, and 1.23x at security level 5.

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