Configurable Butterfly Unit Architecture for CKKS-Based Fully Homomorphic Encryption

초록

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is considered a promising cryptographic technology for preserving data privacy in cloud-based services. However, it relies heavily on computationally intensive polynomial arithmetic, particularly with large moduli that are efficiently represented using residue number system. To accommodate this, hardware architecture must support repeated operations with varying moduli. This paper proposes a configurable butterfly unit architecture capable of performing fundamental operations under different moduli for FHE. The proposed design significantly reduces on-chip hardware resource usage compared to traditional Barrett reduction methods. © 2025 IEEE.

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