토지, 주택, 점포 ― 청대 북경 천주교 北堂의 경제적 기반 ―

초록

The North Church, which existed in Beijing, the capital of Qing Dynasty and metropolis, owned real estate such as land, shops and houses around 1820, and was earning about 10,000 taels of tenant farming and rent each year. The largest portion of real estate income was the shop rent, which accounted for 75 percent of the total, or 7,600 taels. The fact that most of the real estate income came from shops means that the economic base of the North Church was primarily dependent on urban commerce. The second-largest portion of real estate income was the tenant farming, which accounted for 22 percent of the total, or 2,200 taels. It was one of the important economic foundations of the North Church, with a low proportion compared to shop rent, but not a small amount in absolute terms. The North Church also had the aspect of a landowner who owned large-scale land in a rural area near Beijing and was paid for tenant farming. And there was a house rent of 300 taels, or 2.9 percent of the total rent. Two to four percent of rental returns for houses were lower than those for shops. Also, it was more difficult to find a house tenant than to find a shop tenant. Thus, it seems that the North Church purchased and rented more shops than houses in Beijing. The North Church has not only used real estate as an economic basis for earning rent or tenant farming. Missionaries living in the North Church actively engaged in missionary work by forming religious ties with land tenants and shop tenants through real estate. It is not clear how the North Church came to own large-scale real estate. However, the North Church must have owned a large-scale property before 1775, when the order to dissolve the Jesuit was issued by the Vatican was executed in China. Originally, the real estate jurisdiction of the North Church was held by the French Jesuit priests. After the Vatican ordered the dissolution of the Jesuit, the Lazarist missionary from France received and managed the assets of the North Church. The priest Lamiot, who compiled the real estate list, was also a French Lazarist missionary. However, when the Jesuit was dissolved, the person to expand real estate disappeared from church, and the Lazarist missionaries who received their property focused on management. I believe that real estate ownership in the North Church reached its peak around 1750 when Emperor Qianlong legalized illegal land ownership by Beijing Jesuit missionaries such as Giuseppe Castiglióne.

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