Emerging metal-organic framework and covalent organic framework-mediated nanoradiopharmaceuticals for cancer-targeted applications

초록

The strategic integration of radioisotopes into nanostructured carriers offers a powerful route to advance cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Porous reticular materials, particularly nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), provide exceptional surface areas, uniform pores, and chemical tunability for high-density radionuclide loading. These hybrid systems exploit enhanced permeability and retention effects while preserving the radiative signatures of the isotopes, enabling synergistic imaging and therapeutic functions. Recent synthetic innovations have enabled the construction of diverse reticular materials with short-lived isotope half-lives, ensuring maximal therapeutic efficacy. However, reticular porous materials, such as MOFs and COFs, require high structural crystallinity based on the symmetry of their building blocks, which limits their structural diversity and practical applicability. Therefore, material design strategies have become increasingly important; however, comprehensive reviews on this topic remain scarce. This review highlights the latest progress in radioisotope-integrated reticular materials and emphasizes the design strategies, biomedical applications, and future opportunities in radiopharmaceutical science for the first time. © 2026 Elsevier B.V.

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