Definition of the architectural style metric: An approach to quantitative analysis of design using language-image model

초록

This study proposes Architectural Style Metrics (ASM), a CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training)-based methodology for quantification of architectural design's visual characteristics. To address the subjectivity and inefficiency of traditional architectural design analysis methods, ASM quantifies four visual features—curvature, saturation, transparency, and symmetry—by their relative positions between opposing states, generating comprehensive metrics including means, standard deviations, and feature outliers. The effectiveness of the methodology was validated through single/multi-image quantification and clustering analysis. The quantification consistently reflected perceptual visual characteristics, while clustering—based on a quantitative database of approximately 9000 images constructed in this study—yielded meaningful groupings with an average silhouette score above 0.5. The study further explores potential applications through the demonstration of ASM-based evaluation approaches for systematic analysis of architectural designs, among which classification achieved an accuracy of 87.2%. ASM offers interpretable and objective results without additional training or strict image constraints, enabling broad applicability. These results demonstrate ASM's potential as a consistent and scalable methodology for data-driven design analysis. © 2025 The Author(s). Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Higher Education Press and KeAié This is an open access article under the CC BY license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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