Estimation of Well-to-Wheel Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Road Freight Transport in Korea Considering Freight Transport Characteristics; [한국 화물 운송 특성을 고려한 연료 전과정 (Well-to-Wheel) 온실가스 배출계수 산정 연구]

초록

This study develops a Korea-specific Well-to-Wheel (WTW) greenhouse gas emission factor framework for the road freight transport sector by integrating emissions from fuel production and supply with vehicle operation. Previous inventories and studies have mainly focused on Tank-to-Wheel (TTW) emissions, insufficiently accounting for upstream emissions related to crude oil sourcing, refining, and fuel distribution, as well as logistical characteristics such as load factors and empty running. To address these limitations, this study follows international standards, including the GLEC Framework and ISO 14083, while incorporating Korea-specific conditions. Well-to-Tank (WTT) emission factors were estimated by reflecting country-specific crude oil import shares, domestic refinery efficiency, and the mandatory biodiesel blending ratio (B4). TTW emission factors were derived using real-driving emission data. Transport activity–based WTW emission intensity (gCO2e/t·km) was then calculated by incorporating vehicle-class fuel use, driving distance, load factors, and empty running ratios. The results show that WTW emission intensity is strongly influenced by logistical efficiency as well as fuel efficiency. The proposed framework provides a practical basis for policy evaluation and corporate ESG and Scope 3 emission management. © 2026 Korean Society of Transportation.

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